Opto coupler:
There are many situations where signals and data need to betransferred from one subsystem to another within a piece of electronicsequipment, or from one piece of equipment to another, without making adirect ‘ohmic’ electrical connection. Often this is because the source anddestination are (or may be at times) at very different voltage levels, like amicroprocessor which is operating from 5V DC but being used to control atriac which is switching 240V AC. In such situations the link between thetwo must be an isolated one, to protect the microprocessor fromovervoltage damage.Relays can of course provide this kind of isolation, but even smallrelays tend to be fairly bulky compared with ICs and many of today’s otherminiature circuit components. Because they’re electro-mechanical, relays are also not as reliable — and only capable of relatively low speedoperation. Where small size, higher speed and greater reliability areimportant, a much better alternative is to use an optocoupler. These use abeam of light to transmit the signals or data across an electrical barrier, andachieve excellent isolation.
Usually the electrical connections to the LED section are brought outto the pins on one side of the package and those for the phototransistor ordiac to the other side , to physically separate them as much as possible. Thisusually allows optocouplers to withstand voltages of anywhere between500V and 7500V between input and output.
Key Parameters
The most important parameter for most optocouplers is their transferefficiency, usually measured in terms of their current transfer ratio or CTR.This is simply the ratio between a current change in the output transistor andthe current change in the input LED which produced it. Typical values forCTR range from 10% to 50% for devices with an output phototransistor andup to 2000% or so for those with a Darlington transistor pair in the output.Note , however that in most devices CTR tends to var y with absolute currentlevel. Typically it peaks at a LED current level of about 10mA, and falls awayat both higher and lower current levels.How They’re Used
Basically the simplest way to visualise an optocoupler is in terms of itstwo main components: the input LED and the output transistor or diac. Asthe two are electrically isolated, this gives a fair amount of flexibility when itcomes to connecting them into circuit. All we really have to do is work out aconvenient way of turning the input LED on and off, and using the resultingswitching of the photo- transistor/diac to generate an output waveform orlogic signal that is compatible with our output circuitry.For example just like a discrete LED, you can drive an optocoupler’sinput LED from a transistor or logic gate/buffer. All that’s needed is a seriesresistor to set the current level when the LED is turned on. And regardlessof whether you use a transistor or logic buffer to drive the LED, you stillhave the option of driving it in ‘pull down’ or ‘pull up’ mode — see Fig.2. This means you can arrange for the LED, and hence the optocoupler, to beeither ‘on’ or ‘off ’ for a logic high (or low) in the driving circuitry.
On the output side, there are again a number of possible connectionseven with a typical optocoupler of the type having a single phototransistorreceiver (such as the 4N25 or 4N28). In most cases the transistor is simplyconnected as a light-operated switch, in series with a load resistor RL . Thebase of the transistor is left unconnected, and the choice is between havingthe transistor at the top of the load resistor or at the bottom i.e., in eitherpull-up or pull-down mode. This again gives plenty of flexibility for drivingeither logic gates or transistors.
If a higher bandwidth is needed, this can be achieved by using only thecollector and base connections, and using the transistor as a photodiode. Thislowers the optocoupler’s CTR and transfer gain considerably, but can increase the bandwidth to 30MHz or so. An alternative approach is still touse the output device as a photo- transistor, but tie the base down to ground(or the emitter) via a resistor Rb, to assist in removal of stored charge . Thiscan extend the opto’s bandwidth usefully (although not dramatically), withoutlowering the CTR and transfer gain any more than is necessar y. Typicallyyou’d
A variation on the standard optocoupler with a single outputphototransistor is the type having a photo- Darlington transistor pair in theoutput (Fig.7), such as the
The other main type of optocoupler you’ll tend to encounter is the typehaving an output diac or bilateral switch, and intended for use in driving atriac or SCR. Examples of these are the MOC3020 and MOC3021. Here theoutput side of the optocoupler is designed to be connected directly into thetriggering circuit of the triac (Fig.8), where it’s operating from and floatingat full AC mains potential.
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